Social Construction of Victims | Victiminology Theories

Social Construction of Victims Victiminology TheoriesSome dupes ar much merit of the label dupe than others. Critically analyse this articulatement in light of your knowledge of theories in this area.The word dupe kitty be associated with a soul who has experienced round form of misfortune or suffering, however, when the word victim is thought of in a policing perspective it is typically subroutined to refer to the plaintiff of a detestation (Wakefield, 2008315). This essay aims to critically analyse the body politicment some victims are more merit of the label victim than others, using different theories in relation to this. The essay leave firstly analyse dickens theories in relation to victimisation, secondly it explore Nils Christies approach to the apotheosis victim and ultimately the medias fibre in representing the rarefied victim will be portrayed done with(predicate) the comparison of news coverage on the Madeline McCann case and the Shannon Matthews cas e.historically criminology and criminal justice have been solely focused on the understanding of criminal offending, however, since the 1960s a variety of paradigm shifts, scientific advances, and social and policy-making forces provided a foundation from which theories of victimisation emerged, withal cognise as the study of Victimology (Wilcox, 2010978). This shift occurred when scholars decided to investigate crime as more than just the demeanor and conduct of a criminal, instead it was viewed as a system which k nonted a victim, time and place as well as the offender (Wilcox, 2010978). It was in the 1960s when a more socio-political movement anticipated for gr use uper attention to be brought to victims of crime and their rights in the criminal justice system. With both scientific and socio-political movements it created an ideal opportunity for the development of different theoretical sentinels on victimisation. Collectively, these perspectives focused on m any casual in fluences from lifestyles to broad- lowlyd social inequality (Wilcox, 2010978). A major theory which stresss these different influences is the fundamental theory of Victomology.The theory of radical Victimology, which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, can be linked to the work of Benjamin Mendelsohn (Friday, 200062) and can be thought to be an offspring of Radical Criminology and Sociology. Mendelsohns argument for a vicitimology which looks at benignantkind rights and allows and investigation into the role of the state in determining who is a legitimate victim and how the criminal justice system is concerned in the making of criminals and victims, is what is thought to be the origins for radical Victimology. As a consequence of this argument, radical victimology acknowledges, in particular, those victims who have been rendered invisible (Marsh, 2004110). These victims, according to Quinny (1972), are best described as victims of police force, the victims of war, the victims of the correctional system, the victims of state violence, and the victims of oppression of any sort (Marsh, 2004110). gibe to Marsh, it can be said that the idea of a conventional radical victimology is what has been an aid for representing the problems faced by the poor and power little which is a result of a limited structural foundation of victimisation (2004110). Similarly to radical victimology, in that respect are critical theorists who also address the idea of whether people are cognizant of their social reality and if it is safe to think that the state is neutral in its response to crime and victimisation (Marsh, 2004111).The similarity of radical victimology and critical victimology is that they both travail to theorise about the social issues within victimology. One version of this theory of victimology can be demonst investd through the importance of labelling, and as Meirs (1990) suggests that people may claim the label, but the key questions for a critical victimology are, who has the power to apply the label and what con perspectiverations are significant in that determination (Davies, 200438). In this version, Meirs uses the hypothetical outlook of symbolic interactionism (Davies, 200438) to enlighten his practice of the word critical. In everyday, critical victimology looks at the problems contained in the relationship between the state and its citizens it does not see the state as neutral rather the states mechanisms contribute to those victims we see and those we dont see (Marsh, 2004112). in that respectfore it is not neutral, instead self-motivated and self-interested and according to critical victimology this would raise problems when it comes to gender, line of achievement and class and how these are expressed in policy terms. Therefore, it can be said that critical victimology is a theoretical perspective which inspects the wider social context of youthful societies which focuses on the ways in which capitalism and patriarchy influe nce the ways in which victims are perceived and responded to (Marsh, 2004112).Both these theories explore the different reasons why some people may become a victim to certain(a) crimes. In an ideal world any person who falls victim to a crime should be seen and treated as equal victims, whether they have been hurt psychologically, personally, financially or socially, but in that respect has been the ever standing debate of what makes an ideal victim and Nils Christie was the first criminologist to explore this idea.In 1986, criminologist Nils Christie created the concept of the ideal victim. According to Christie, the ideal victim encompasses at least six main characteristics the victim is weak, they were involved in a respectable activity at the time of incident, the victim was in a place at the time of the incident where they could not be excited for being, the victim did not know their perpetrator, the offender is seen as big and bad or can be described with very negative co nnotations and lastly the victim has enough impact to claim the status of a victim (Lindgren, 201121-22). Christie uses the situation of an elderly lady being mugged by a male do drugs abuser while on route to see her sick sibling as the perfect example of who an ideal victim is, but the ideal victim also has an opposite according to Christie. His example of this would entail something along the lines of a young male who is drunk and in a dingy pub and is robbed by those he is associating with, Christie believes in this situation thither is the prospect to claim moral accountability he should not have gone to such a bar, he should not have gotten drunk, he should not have associated with those types etc (Lindgren, 201122). Regardless of evidence of any physical, psychological or economical harms, if an individual is not classified as a victim then that individual risks little or no protection evidently because they are not comprised of the standard vision of a victim of crime. There fore raising the argument for is there people more deserving of the label victim than others, and what is the decision of being more deserving influenced by?The phenomenon of the ideal victim arises questions like why some people normally those from a socially deprived background or from ethnic minorities appear to be less deserving of the label victim even although they clearly satisfy each category of Christies theory. It can be argued that the media are at large to blame for depriving so umpteen individuals of the label victim because not all victims of crime receive equal attention in the news or media. It has been said that there exists a hierarchy of victimization, both reflected and reinforced in media and official discourses (Greer, 200722). On one side there are individuals who have obtained the status of being an ideal victim and will attract huge levels of media attention, creating a shared global-scale grieving, and generating possible changes in criminal justice poli cies and practices (Greer, 2004 Valier, 2004, Cited by Greer, 200722). On the other side of the hierarchy there are the individuals who fail to obtain a victim status or are seen as an undeserving victim which would result in that individual receiving little, if any, media attention, and pass virtually unnoticed in the wider social world (Greer, 200722). Comparisons of the news and media coverage from the fades of Madeline McCann and Shannon Matthews can sponsor to illustrate the medias role in representing the ideal victim.In May 2007 three year old Madeline McCann was reported missing while on a family holiday in Portugal. Her parents odd her and her two siblings in their apartment while they went for dinner and when they returned Madeline was missing from her bed, and unfortunately it is still unknown what happened to her today. Madelines disappearance sparked international attention from the media and was described by the Daily Telegraph as the most heavily reported missing-p erson case in modern hi taradiddle (Telegraph.co.uk). Then nine months after Madelines disappearance in February 2008 nine year old Shannon Matthews was reported missing by her mother. Shannon was found safe on the 14th of March and her mother was later aerated with child neglect and perverting the court of justice over her daughters disappearance (BBC.co.uk) as she had set the whole thing up in mold to receive money. Even although the Matthews case was a set-up there was still 24 days of Shannon being missing and the news coverage and interest on her story was majorly lesser than that of Madeline McCanns. According to an Independent news article after nine days there were 465 UK press stories released on Madeline McCann in comparison with only 242 on Shannon Matthews (Independent.co.uk). Also their Wikipedia profiles were both very different, Madeline McCanns profile reached 2,182 lyric poem after only nine days yet Shannon Matthews profile only managed to reach 151 words after t he same union of time (Independent.co.uk). According to the same Independent news article the rewards offered for the two girls were significantly different the reward for Madeline McCann reached a vast 2.6 cardinal whereas the reward for Shannon Matthews was only 25,000 (Independent.co.uk). Therefore the differences in the number of press stories, Wikipedia profiles and reward figures, sparks the question of how do we understand the medias discrimination between the two stories?The answer to this question lies within the origins of legitimate and deserving victims. Madeline McCann was a classic version of an ideal victim. She was a young, pretty, and photogenic girl from a stable, middle-class family with two Doctors as parents who lived in a detached field of operations in Leicestershire (Independent.co.uk). On the other hand, Shannon Matthews came from a on the job(p) class family living in a council house in Dewsbury Moor. Her father hadnt seen her for years while she live d with her mother, step-father and six other siblings of which were from her mothers relationships with five different partners (Independent.co.uk). While the publics hearts where captured by the story of Madeline McCann, Shannon Matthews did not attract the same type of attention. Public donations for Shannon Matthews only managed to reach thousands at most (Independent.co.uk) yet public donations for Madeline McCann excelled to 1.1 million and some of these donations were made by A-list celebrities such as David Beckham, Christiano Ronaldo, John Terry, J K Rowling and more (Independent.co.uk). Madeline McCann personified the concept of an ideal victim whereas it was Shannons background which denied her the deserving victim label. The acknowledgement of ideal or legitimate victim status and related levels of media interest are clearly influenced by demographic characteristics (Greer, 200723).The medias role in representing the cases of these two missing girls show that class can b e a major factor in portraying who becomes deserving of the label victim. Not only the factor of class but other demographic characteristics such as age, sexuality, race and gender can sometimes determine the medias interest in a somewhat direct style. Still, the idea stay ons that the majority of criminal victimisation both emphasises and imitates social inequalities and divisions, and whilst doing this feeds into the wider structures of power, dominance and subjugation from which they fall (Greer, 200742). It can be said that in the media representation of victims of a missing persons case, or crimes similar to this, that these inequalities remain to have the greatest impact. This impact is shown through the personation of such victims who appear to show prospects of newsworthiness. However, the impact can equally be detected from the consideration of those who do not show horizons of newsworthiness.To conclude, this essay has explored the question of whether certain victims ar e more deserving of the label than others, and used different theories and concepts to analyse this. Firstly the essay looked at two theories of victimology radical and critical, and showed how different types of people may be more victimised than others largely through social structures of the power of the state. From these theories the question arose of what an ideal victim may constitute and this concept was explored through criminologist Nils Christie, which in his perspective the ideal victim would be a vulnerable person (youth or elderly) carrying out an innocent task (going to visit a family member or friend) and being robbed or attacked by a person out of their control (strong and perhaps a drug/alcohol abuser). Then from this concept came the issue of is there are certain people more deserving of the label victim, and what is this decision based upon? This essay used the idea that the media plays a large role in portraying who the ideal victim is and who is not. This portr ayal was used through the news coverage and stories of the disappearance of two young girls, Madeline McCann in 2007 and Shannon Matthews eight months later in 2008. Madeline McCann was a young pretty girl from a middle class background, whereas Shannon Matthews was from a working class background living in a council house with brothers and sisters who had different fathers. The news coverage of Madeline McCann was much greater than Shannon Matthews, to the point where everyone around the world knew who Madeline McCann was on a first name basis, whereas Shannon Matthews struggled to even be known by the whole of the U.K. Therefore the media portrayed Madeline McCann to be a more deserving victim than Shannon Matthews based upon their looks, backgrounds and newsworthiness and evidence of this can be shown through the differences in public donations, rewards, Wikipedia profiles and how some(prenominal) news articles where printed about each girl after nine days of each of their disap pearances.BibliographyBBC. 2010.Shannon Matthews Timeline. ONLINE Available athttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7733586.stm. Accessed 09 March 15.Pamela Davies 2004.Victimisation Theory, Research and Policy. Edition. Palgrave MacmillanPaul C. Friday, 2000.Victimology at the Transition From the 20th to the 21st Century. Montreal, Canada World Society of Victimology.Chris Greer, 2007. News Media, Victims and Crime. Chapter 2, Pages 20-49Michael J Hindelang, 2009. Toward a theory of in-person criminal victimology.Victims and Victimisation, Pages 26-40.Independent. 2008. Missing The contrasting searches for Shannon and Madeleine. ONLINE Available athttp//www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/missing-the-contrasting-searches-for-shannon-and-madeleine-790207.html. Accessed 06 March 15Magnus Lindgren, Vesna Nikoli-Ristanovi, 2011.Crime Victims International and Serbian Perspective. 1st ed. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Mission to Serbia, Law Enforcement DepartmentIan Marsh , 2004.Criminal Justice An Introduction to Philosophies, Theories and Practice. 1 Edition. Routledge.The Telegraph. 2008.Master of media circus for Madeleine McCann. ONLINE Available athttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1902515/Master-of-media-circus-for-Madeleine-McCann.html. Accessed 01 March 15.Alison Wakefield, Jenny Fleming, 2008.The acute Dictionary of Policing. Edition. SAGE Publications LtdPamela Wilcox, 2010. Victimisation, theories of. Encyclopaedia of victimology and crime prevention. Pages 978-986. Sage Publications.Brian Williams, 2009.Victims and Victimisation A Reader (Readings in Criminology and Criminal Justice). 1 Edition. Open University Press.2015.. ONLINE Available athttp//www.ucs.mun.ca/skenney/courses/4099/VCLASS1.2.pdf. Accessed 13 March 2015Kidneys Function and StructureKidneys Function and StructureThe kidneys are essential for regulating the volume and composition of bodily fluids. This page outlines key regulatory systems involving the kidneys for unequivoc al volume, sodium and potassium concentrations, and the pH of bodily fluids.A most critical concept for you to understand is how water and sodium regulation are integrated to present the body against all possible disturbances in the volume and osmolarity of bodily fluids. Simple examples of such disturbances include vaporization, assembly line loss, salt ingestion, and plain water ingestion.How water ratio is regulated by ADH urine balance is achieved in the body by ensuring that the tote up of water consumed in food and drink (and generated by metabolism) equals the amount of water excreted. The consumption side is regulated by behavioural mechanisms, including inclination and salt cravings. While almost a litre of water per day is scattered through the skin, lungs, and feces, the kidneys are the major site of regulated excretion of water.One way the kidneys can directly control the volume of bodily fluids is by the amount of water excreted in the urine. Either the kidneys can conserve water by producing urine that is concentrated relative to plasma, or they can rid the body of supererogatory water by producing urine that is dilute relative to plasma.Direct control of water excretion in the kidneys is exercised by vasopressin, or anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), a peptide hormone secreted by the hypothalamus. ADH causes the insertion of water channels into the membranes of cells lining the collecting ducts, allowing water reabsorption to occur. Without ADH, little water is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts and dilute urine is excreted.How the kidney uses a counter current mechanismBecause the human body does not produce a constant water volume, the kidneys have to compensate for the lack of or redundant of water consumed. The kidneys use a persuade system called the counter-current mechanism to accomplish this (Hoppensteadt et al, 186). The name is based on the fact that concentration first increases in the direction of flow, then decreases as flo w continues through the ascending parallel loop. The mechanism relies on the adjacent, parallel loops of Henle and vasa recta.In the ascending loop, Na+ or any solute is energeticly pumped out of the tubule. Because water is impermeable in the ascending loop, the volume at the bottom of the loop is the same as that entering the distal tubule. At the bottom of the loop, the tubular and interstitial concentrations are equal.In the descending loop, the concentrations inside and outside(a) the tubule are increasing with the current, with the maximum concentration being reached at the bottom of the loop. The increased concentration is the result of the passive diffusion of Na+ into the tubule and water out of the tubule. When the filtrate reaches the distal tubule, a net loss of Na+ and water has occurred through the loops of Henle.How the PH is controlled by the kidneyThe secretion of further substances not required by the body may take place in the distal convoluted tubule, e.g. st ir up content and hydro ampere-secondate ions. This is very important in the control of plasma Ph, which must be maintained at 7.4. If the pH plasma falls, hydrogen ions are excreted by the kidney if the plasma pH raises hydrogen carbonate ions secreted.Active TransportActive transport is the energy-demanding transfer of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, i.e., from lower concentration to higher concentration.Special proteins within the cell membrane act as specific protein carriers. The energy for active transport comes from ATP generated by respiration (in mitochondria).Major examples of Active Transport such asRe-absorption of glucose,Amino acidsSalts by the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron in the kidney.A mechanism of active transport which move potassium ions into and sodium ions out of a cell along with protein (or enzyme) channel. It is found in all human cells, but is especially important in nerve and vigor cells.The sodium-pota ssium pump uses active transport, with energy supplied by ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules, to move 3 sodium ions to the outside of the cell for each 2 potassium ions that it moves in. One third of the bodys energy expenditure is used in this process.Buffer systemThe kidneys and the lungs work together to help maintain a crease pH of 7.4 by affecting the components of the buffers in the blood. Therefore, to understand how these organs help control the pH of the blood, we must first treat how buffers work in dissolver.Acid-base buffers confer resistance to a change in the pH of a solution when hydrogen ions (protons) or hydroxide ions are added or removed. An acid-base buffer typically consists of a weak acid, and its base (salt). Buffers work because the concentrations of the weak acid and its salt are large compared to the amount of protons or hydroxide ions added or removed.When protons are added to the solution from an external source, some of the base component of the b uffer is replaceed to the weak-acid component (therefore, using up most of the protons added) when hydroxide ions are added to the solution (or, equivalently, protons are removed from the solution protons are dissociated from some of the weak-acid molecules of the buffer, converting them to the base of the buffer (and therefore replenishing most of the protons removed).However, the change in acid and base concentrations is small relative to the amounts of these species present in solution. Hence, the ratio of acid to base changes only slightly. Thus, the effect on the pH of the solution is small, within certain limitations on the amount of H+ or OH- added or removed.Other buffers perform a more minor role than the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer in regulating the pH of the blood. The phosphate buffer consists of phosphorous acid (H3PO4) in equilibrium with dihydrogen phosphate ion (H2PO4-) and H+. The pK for the phosphate buffer is 6.8, which allows this buffer to function within its optimal buffering range at physiological pH.The phosphate buffer only plays a minor role in the blood, however, because H3PO4 and H2PO4- are found in very low concentration in the blood. Haemoglobin also acts as a pH buffer in the blood. Protein can reversibly bind either H+ (to the protein) or O2, but that when one of these substances is bound, the other is released (as explained by the Bohr effect).During exercise, haemoglobin helps to control the pH of the blood by binding some of the excess protons that are generated in the muscles. At the same time, molecular oxygen is released for use by the muscles.The symptoms of kidney failureThere are two types of kidney failure one of them is acute renal failure and the other type is Chronic renal failure. incisive renal failure.Blood loss, causing a drop in blood extort.Vomiting and diarrhea, causing dehydration.Crush injuries. If large amounts of muscle are damaged there is a release of toxic protein substances that are harmful to the kidneys.Sudden blockage of urine drainage.Chronic renal failureThe damage to the kidneys is usually silent and not noticed at an early stage. It may be discovered incidentally from blood or urine tests done for other reasons. High blood pressure very commonly occurs with it. Symptoms are uncommon unless kidney failure is far advanced, when any of the following may be presentThe symptoms of Chronic renal failure tirednessItchingLoss of appetiteNausea and vomitingBreathlessnessFluid retention, shown as ankle swellingWeakness.The importance to the body to maintain acid base levelsAll the cells that make up the human body are slightly alkaline and the alkalinity must be maintained in order to function and remain healthy. However, their cellular activity creates acid and this acid is what gives the cell energy and function. As each alkaline cell performs its task of respiration, it secrets metabolic wastes and these end products of cellular metabolism are acid in nature.Although the se wastes are used for energy and function, they must not be allowed to build up. An example of this would be the lactic acid which is created through exercise. The body will go to great lengths to neutralise and detoxify these acids before they act as poisons in and around the cell, ultimately changing the purlieu of the cell.The human body is very intelligent as the human body become more acidic the body starts to set up defence mechanisms to keep the minus acid from entering our organs. Its known as that the acid gets stored in the fat cells. However, if the acid does come to contact with an organ the acid has a chance to eat holes in the tissue which may cause the cell to mutate (change in a chromosome or a gene).The oxygen level drops in this acidic environment and calcium begins to be depleted. So as a defense mechanism, our body may actually make fat to protect us from our overly-acidic self. Those fat cells and cellulite deposits may actually be packing up the acid and try ing to keep it a safe distance from our organs to safe them from damage.The effect of exercise on body fluid requirementsOptimal pH of the blood is 7.2, the body will do everything it can to maintain that pH. This is necessary to run the entire bodys biochemical pathways for detoxification, building, and general maintenance. The body has several control mechanisms to keep it at this pH and they include getting rid of excess acid or base by-products through the lungs, spitting and urine.When the body is sick in any way this pH is disrupted. Most times your body is trying to keep up with the extra acid produced. Acids are produced from lack of oxygen, eating an imbalance of protein and carbohydrates and other acid producing foods, and by cell breakdown and production of metabolic waste.During exercise, the muscles use up oxygen as they convert chemical energy in glucose to mechanical energy. This O2 comes from hemoglobin in the blood. CO2 and H+ are produced during the breakdown of g lucose, and are removed from the muscle via the blood. The production and remotion of CO2 and H+, together with the use and transport of O2, cause chemical changes in the blood. These chemical changes, unless offset by other physiological functions, cause the pH of the blood to drop.If the pH of the body gets too low (below7.4) this result in a condition known as acidosis. This can be very serious, because many of the chemical reactions that occur in the body, especially those involving proteins, are pH-dependent. Ideally, the pH of the blood should be maintained at 7.4. If the pH drops below 6.8 or rises above 7.8, ending may occur. Fortunately, we have buffers in the blood to protect against large changes in pH.Production of CO2 is a result of normal body metabolism. Exercise will increase the production of CO2 through increased respiration in the lungs. When oxygen (O2) is inhaled and CO2 is exhaled, the blood transports these gases to the lungs and body tissues. The bodys metab olism produces acids that are buffered and then excreted by the lungs and kidneys to maintain body fluids at a neutral pH. Disruptions in CO2 levels and HCO3 -create acid-base imbalances. When acid-base imbalances occur, the disturbances can be broadly divided into either acidosis (excess acid) or alkalosis (excess base/alkali). piddle becomes increasingly acidic as the amount of excess acid retained by the body increases. Alkaline urine, usually containing bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer, is normally excreted when there is an excess of base or alkali in the body. Secretion of acid or alkaline urine by the kidneys is one of the most important mechanisms the body uses to maintain a constant body pH. As we exercise the urine pH becomes more acidic because the condition which known as acidosis have occurred and this results from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as starvation and dehydration.As we exercise the temperature increases, and the amount of O2 released from the haemoglobin. Heat is a bi product of the metabolic reactions of all cells and the heat released by contracting muscle fibers tends to raise body temperature. Metabolically active cells require more O2 and liberate more acids and heat.If we have an increase in temperature, it causes the rate of respiration to increase too. Because O2 tends to be released from the haemoglobin compared to when the weather is cold. This explains why during fever, a person will breathe faster than normal person.In contrast, during hypothermia (lowered body temperature) cellular metabolism slows and the quest for O2 is reduced, and more O2 remains bound to haemoglobin.Body Adjustment to improve fitness levelsExercises help our body to adjust and improve its capacity for physical activities. In order to increase our overall fitness level we have to concentrate on three different areascardiovascular homeworkStrength trainingFlexibility trainingCardiovascular trainingCardiovascular training is aerobic e xercise that involves the large muscles like legs and helps make the heart and lungs stronger. Cardiovascular exercise has rafts of health benefits like lowering the blood pressure, and also it can burn lots of calories.This type of exercise leads to improvements in the hearts ability to pump blood through the body to the working muscles and improves overall cardiovascular health. It is also linked to a number of health improvements including a decreased risk of many diseases, decreases in total cholesterol, blood pressure and levels of body fat.Strength trainingIn order to improve our strength, a change is needed to be made, otherwise if we exclusively lift the same weights, the same way, then we will stay the same our training is maintenance based. If we want to improve our strength training, then we will need to apply a number of different variations into our workout routines to avoid letting the body become adapted to the current strength training workouts.A muscle will only strengthen when forced to operate beyond its customary intensity (overload). Overload can be progressed by increasing the(1) Resistance e.g. adding more weight. (2) Number of repetitions with a particular weight. (3) Number of sets of the exercise. (4) Intensity, i.e. reducing the recovery periodsFlexibility trainingFlexibility is a joints ability to move through a full phase of the moon range of motion. Flexibility training, also called flexibility stretching that helps balance muscle groups that might be overused during exercise or physical activity. There are many benefits to flexibility training. Some of the benefits areImproved Physical Performance.Decreased Risk of Injury.Increased Blood and Nutrients to Tissues.Stretching increases tissue temperature, which increases circulation and nutrient transport. Increased circulation and nutrient transport allows greater elasticity of surrounding tissues and increases performance.Maintaining Fluid BalancesFluid balance defines the sta te where a bodys required amount of water is present and proportioned normally among the various compartments this state is inseparable from electrolyte balance. Under normal conditions water loss equals water gain and a bodys water volume remains constant. Avenues for water loss include the kidneys, skin, lungs, feces, and menstruation. Water is sourced mostly from dietary intake this is called preformed water.Water is not produced by the body to maintain homeostasis metabolic water production is simply a by-product of cellular respiration. The body regulates water intake via the thirst reflex which stimulates us to drink. When water loss is greater than water gain the body reaches a state of dehydration, and dehydration stimulates the thirst reflex in three waysThe level of saliva drops resulting in a dry mucosa in the mouth and pharynxThere is an increase in blood osmotic pressure which stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamusThere is a drop in blood volume, which leads to th e renin/angiotensin pathway stimulating the thirst centre in the hypothalamus.When the blood looses excessive fluid dehydration occurs and the blood becomes more viscous (reduce ability to flow). This results in insufficient blood supply to the working muscles. After exercise, a drop in body fluid results in an increase in blood tonicity and a decrease in blood volume which in turn causes the release of renin in the kidneys and stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.Therefore after exercise, the exerciser must focus on the following areasEffect of drinksCardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses to fluid ingestionCarbohydrates feeding and exercise performanceSports drinks must be formulated to taste best when people are hot and sweaty so that they can drink as much as they possibly can. The sports drinks are absorbed faster than plain water during exercise and rest. During exercise fluid consumption is snappy for two primary purposes safe guarding health and optimizin g performanceTherefore, we need to consume more carbohydrate which helps maintaining blood glucose and increases carbohydrate oxidation, assure skeletal muscle and central nervous system sufficient supply of energy.Sources Usedhttp//www.enotes.com/nursing-encyclopedia/acid-base-balancehttp//www.shodor.org/Master/biomed/physio/dialysis/kidfunc.htmhttp//www.8candlesonline.com/purify/what_is/alkalinity.htmlhttp//mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb135e/kidneyfluid.htmlhttp//www.ann.com.au/MedSci/fluid.htmBooksEssential AS Biology by( Glenn and Susan Toole)AS Biology by (Pete Kennedy and Frank Sochacki)