Belonging Creative Writing Essay

Frame the story with similar characters/ setting/ symbol /comment at beginning and ending Use a limited time frame = sense of urgency (24 hours, one morning, a season, a term, an interview) exploding a moment – 15 minutes Use a single context or setting Explore no more than 2 main ideas re belonging Focus on moments and feelings Have a ‘twist’ at the end Show don’t tell (‘She smiles’ = belonging, without further comment() Use flash backs and flash forwards ie non-linear stories Objects as symbols (eg red hair, ragged appearance show exclusion) Challenge assumptions about belonging (a character responds to exclusion by engaging with situation) Challenge or play with stereotypes (lack of education does not mean lack of intelligence or ability) Use a comment by omniscient author (to reinforce or cast doubt on a character’s actions or attitudes) Multiple voices & perspectives, / points of view-Switch between characters w. opposing pov. Do not start every sentence with â€Å"I† if using 1st person narrative Distinctive voice – to maintain consistent language or idiom of  the character is essential Use sophisticated language – some 3 and 4 syllable words AND PLEASE: no ‘dying’ stories, designed to elicit sympathy! DO reflect and practise – Read short stories for ideas -PLAN, PLAN – your beginning and ending – FRAME IT LANGUAGE: For description of events, characters, places, give details and use: Sensual imagery -size, shape, texture Smell, touch, sound & vivid, sophisticated expression Avoid -Bland, overworked, clichà ©d vocabulary Mixing tenses in verbs (either present or past tense) s CREATIVE WRITING ON THE CONCEPT OF BELONGING Selecting a topic on belonging that deals imaginatively with identity, experience, relationships, acceptance, understanding links with people, community or the larger world writing imaginatively means writing in a way that is different to the everyday familiar images. but, avoid being philosophical. Show your ideas on isolation through events, actions of characters and dialogue. write about a topic with which you are most familiar but finding unusual and fresh ways to think about it and describe it. The first paragraph must engage the reader. Show – don’t tell. For example, it is better to describe a scene, something like, â€Å"I trembled with an expectation that the dark shadow in the moonlit window was inside the room† rather than to say â€Å"I was afraid†. Write metaphorically. For example, â€Å"A tiny green seed was planted in my mind and since green is the colour of fertility and growth, the idea sprouted and grew taller than the beanstalk.† Use Language features to create visual, auditory, tactile and olfactory imagery. Similes- The wind tore at her face, like an angry tiger. Strong verbs – tore, crashed, gurgled Metaphors – A tiny green seed was planted in my mind. adverbs and adjectives – briskly, gruffly Point of view – a perspective from which the story is told. A character in the story or, for example, a pair of ballet shoes use of first person â€Å"I† for the audience to become engaged use of third person, â€Å"he, she, they† for sustained story telling. Tense the present tense provides a strong sense of immediacy past tense works well for most stories a story set in the future is more difficult to achieve a story told in flashback, starting from the ending, looking back on choices that brought the character to this point – sometimes works well if it is brought back into the present with skill. Expression – use clear English with correct spelling and fluency of expression. Use the ‘s and contractions (I’m, don’t) correctly. Use a Thesaurus to broaden your range of vocabulary: Choose words that accurately describe a situation. For example a disaster – crash, panic, caution, explosion, destruction, crisis. Structure include dialogue – conversations between characters to develop the character, personality, motivation or attitude – only essential details should be included. punctuate direct speech correctly. For example, â€Å"The river moved,† she said, â€Å"I don’t recognise this place.† Always write on a new line when quoting direct speech. introduction – engaging and interesting, for example, begin with a single word or short phrase correct paragraphing – use a new paragraph for each new idea, change of place, time or focus. link paragraphs to each other vary sentence lengths to help change tone and add interest. conclusion should provide a resolution for all the problems or issues in the story which may be surprising or unpredictable Avoid boring introductions. clichà ©s – expressions that are familiar, repeated over and over and therefore lacking in freshness. For example â€Å"run of the mill†, â€Å"true blue Aussie†. unnecessary dialogue. being philosophical. Show your ideas on isolation through the events, actions of characters and dialog. CHECKLIST-Quality writing – aim to have your story stand out Opening – original / innovative Ideas – engaging, interesting, different, unusual Language techniques – similes, metaphors, adverbs, adjectives Structure – paragraphing, varied sentence lengths, range of punctuation Clear link / response to the question Conclusion – surprising / unpredictable PRACTICE WRITING TASK Using an event as a trigger for ensuing action, conversation, conflict. Task: Write a ONE PAGE narrative involving three people where character is revealed. The theme is belonging. The cup smashed. (This is your opening sentence.) 1. Continue this as a narrative. Imagine 3 characters: describe them. (Include, detail, adjectives, strong verbs and similes.) 2. Imagine a setting. Describe it. 3. Write the ensuing conversation. Complete the story showing subsequent events and choices made by the characters. (1,2 and 3 may be done in any order. ) 4. Provide a resolution of some sort, whether satisfactory or not for each character, perhaps unexpected. Do NOT use words to denote emotion or attitude such as angry, rude, annoying, bored. Instead – through their actions and words only, have the characters reveal their personalities, attitudes and values. Note the way these traits are revealed in the lines below (after the trigger event): Trigger event: A faint noise began rumbling high up in his bony throat beneath the pure white hairs of his old man’s beard. †¦ Nurse Truman squatted down beside the old man. Mrs McDonald glared at her like a kookaburra confronted with a black snake in its nest. Sister Carr folded her arms. Here, we see that one character is sympathetic, one angry and one does not wish to be involved. Yet, this is only implied or shown through body language and use of strong verbs, not stated outright.

Child’s learning Essay

The observations you made were quite predictable. Those students whose parents supported the learning of English and participated in the home had more probability of learning the formal as well as conversational second language. Those students whose parents did not support the learning of English did not have as much success with their second language. Education of any content supports the same observations. Parental support and participation is key to student success. Another key factor is the concept of â€Å"total immersion† in a second language. People are totally immersed in their first language from birth. Therefore the spoken language becomes almost automatic. Many students even have difficulty learning the ins and outs of their first language grammar because of this immersion, making the learning of the written first language difficult. Add to that the study of a second language out of the context of living. Even the observations of the second student, the 7th grader who was â€Å"truly immersed† in both her first and second languages, supported the value of immersion. But even though the first student, the 5th grader, was totally immersed in her second language at school, it was the absence of the second language spoken at home that counteracted the learning she acquired during the school day. I also found it very interesting when the difference in the pronunciation of the word â€Å"way† was discussed. It was the sound specific to the ear that the observer could not distinguish. I had a similar experience in a class when discussing the words â€Å"ma† and â€Å"ma† in an Asian language. The Asian character was not only written differently, but both words were pronounced differently. I could barely notice the difference in writing (thus posing a literacy issue on my part), nor could I hear the difference. When explained to me, how the inflection of one word went up (like an English question), and the inflection of the other word went down (like an English declarative sentence), I still could not hear it. I could not make the distinction much like the Asian student could not hear the difference in our letters â€Å"L† and â€Å"R. † Even though I explained that the sound was made by different parts of our mouth and throat, she could not hear it. I was finally able to understand my deficit with â€Å"ma† and â€Å"ma†, I would be wise to learn the difference since one meant â€Å"mother† and one meant â€Å"horse. † I wouldn’t want to misuse them! Allison Hill Your discussion about autism was interesting. It is difficult to determine how much cognitive ability is there and how much language acquisition is there in an autistic child. Through the descriptions of the boy’s behaviors, abilities and habits, along with the theories presented, the severity of autism is not clear. As you stated, autism is â€Å"characterized by a lack of social skills and relationships, difficulty with communication, and rigid and repetitive behavior. † This child was described as having â€Å"relatively developed social and communication skills†. Thus it would be initially assumed that this child had mild autism. The descriptions and examples of the child’s behavior go on to note that he does form social relationships but uses language only when he wants something. While some use of language indicates he understands the words, meanings and uses, other uses of language suggest he does not. He certainly understands that verbal communication is a tool. So is autism a situation where one does not have the capacity to understand language, or where one makes the choice to use or not use language? It is an interesting question; one that is not easy to answer. Behavior of this subject supports either answer. Your observations also suggest that language acquisition may be based on individual need. Autistic children have different needs than other children. Autistic babies do not respond to faces and voices as other children do because they simply do not have the same need to do so. Autistic children do not use language like other children simply because they do not have the same need to do so. When one word can get the desired results, why use more? This particular child has learned the words he needs to get the results he wants in his world. You noted in these observations that this child does make errors when attempting to use language to get desired results. Mostly though, the errors seem to be made when he is attempting to please another person, or give another person their desired results. It seems autistic children are less concerned with pleasing others. You concluded by stating that this child’s language learning experience is typical of that of a more severe case on the autism spectrum. Again, it is difficult to determine since it is unclear whether it is cognitive ability or social need that affects the language acquisition. This discussion reminds me of an article I read about requiring a deaf person to interact in a hearing world based on the rules of a hearing world. Once the deaf person understood the rules of a language based on sound and hearing, she was able to communicate appropriately in the hearing situation. It was as if this deaf person was bilingual; she had to know her language (ASL) and the ins and outs of spoken English. It seems that an autistic child must learn the rules of two vastly different languages: one language based on a very social world, and one based on a less social world. Amy Lambert Your observation confirms the theory that total immersion in a foreign language produces a more fluent speaker of that language. Studying a foreign language in a school setting usually only focuses on the written aspects of that language; reading, writing, grammar. Without that constant hearing and speaking, the language acquisition is lost. It was interesting that you made a distinction between learning a foreign language and learning a second language. There is a difference between speaking a language based on learned rules, and speaking a language based on â€Å"feeling† the language. Motivation also seems to be a factor in learning a language. Whether it be learning a foreign language or learning a second language, one must have some important reason for the study. With this woman, her interest started first with the desire to do well in the subject and improve. For some, that is enough to learn a foreign language. For others, the motivation increases as the learner desires not only to know the language, but to become a part of the culture and speech community of that language and thus it becomes a second language. It was interesting that this woman’s heritage was connected to her second language of choice which may have initially contributed to her original motivation. Her father and grand parents were native speakers of Spanish but her mother did not know the language. Speaking Spanish in the home was not stressed. Therefore there was an added challenge in becoming immersed in her chosen second language. This further confirms the theory that parental involvement and support in a child’s learning is a major contributor to the success of that child’s learning. My own experience learning a foreign language was similar to the observed woman’s experience. I studied formal rules of the reading, writing and grammar of Spanish beginning in 10th grade. After three years of study in high school (which included a conversational Spanish course), I cannot say I am a fluent speaker of the language. I was never totally immersed in the language so I never truly HAD to learn to survive and communicate in that language. In addition, I never have many opportunities to use my knowledge and sharpen my skills. It just goes to show; if you don’t use it, you lose it.

Construction Legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Construction Legislation - Essay Example The firm is also responsible for drawing up contracts bids. The company should also draws tender documents in relation to construction and development of this project. Part one 1.1 Consultancy Legal Documentation This part involves presenting all the legal documents necessary in project management. This will protect the project manager or the consultancy firm that is the playing the role of project management. The first document is a contract document between the company offering project management and the client. This is a show of evidence that these parties are in a contractual agreement to work together. They will protect the project manager or the firm when the client fails to meet the firm’s requirement in the course of the project. Another important document is the budget. This ensures that the project is within the set limits. This document empowers the project manager to know when to add funds or reduce them in any phase of the project. The budget provides the project manager with knowledge about every phase of the project. This helps the project manager to know the amount to be spent in a given phase of the project. It also notifies him or her, the room available for adjustments. The budget also helps the project manager to know the amount of time to spend in a given task so as to ensure the project completes before the given threshold (Ritz, 1994). Another important document to protect project management firm is the bid documents. The bid process should be competitive this is evidence that the firm advertised and carried out the bidding process in a competitive and a fair manner. This will protect and promote the company’s reputation towards the public and other stakeholders in the construction industry. This shows the client the company is of high integrity and is open in its dealings. This will protect the firm against any company or individual who challenges the bidding process of the project. Certificate of registration is another do cument that the consultancy firm can use to protect itself. The certification is a clear demonstration that the company is approved by the necessary departments to carry out activities such project management amongst other. This will avoid problems with local authorities. The certification also shows the company’s experience in handling such matters. The project manager should also be in possession of contract documents between the client and subcontractors. This will help the project manager to know the position to take in making crucial decisions that affect the project. It will also help him to advice the client in a situation when the sub contractors do not deliver the desired results as the contract agreements. They should also possess the insurance certificates. This is to ensure that the main contractor and other sub contractors insure their workers. This will help to solve cases of injury and medical bills. The project manager should ensure the client has insured the whole construction process to avoid delaying of the project (Kerzner, 2009). 1.2 Procurement options This part presents the methods of use during the construction of the project. The option depends on the dimension, nature and complication of the project. The first procurement option is the traditional or construct only. The method entails that both design and construction be procured separately to different companies. This is done as per the project specifications. The services are outsourced. The advantages that come with this

Class student dicussions answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Class student dicussions answers - Assignment Example Good illustration for giving a protocol which operates in the network layer. I agree with you based on the explanation of the protocols. The Loki tool illustration is well explained as well the relevant examples provided. I could also add that ICMP does not support broadcast or multicast traffic. Good explanation about the ZoneAlarm firewall, in that its combination as an antivirus and a firewall makes it an ideal tool to utilize. The need for a tool like this in a business environment is of great importance especially this era of internet/information systems are prone to hacking. Kevin, the explanation you have given is too shallow in that someone cannot be able understand what you mean by the layer being contact with most people. You could have stated your argument that the application layer defines the interface for users to communicate their process and data transfer in network. Kevin, you could simplified that the application layer provided an interface for operations and acts as a virtual terminal. I agree with you on the application layer’s vulnerability. You provided a good example of its weakness and a good definition of phishing. Your argument of using firewalls and anti-virus is also justified. User training and awareness is also important as part of information systems security but it needs the hand of information systems security to implement a secure platform in order to achieve security. The explanation of Comodo Firewall is good but I suggest you could have added its advantages over other firewalls and also include its weaknesses. David H, yes, I agree with you that employees might require accessing organization data while they are away from office or from within the range of company’s LAN. You can also argue the benefits of using VPN for employees, for instance you can say that, VPN improves productivity of

Was the Paris Peace Conference a failure or a success Essay

Was the Paris Peace Conference a failure or a success - Essay Example There were a number of provisions in the treaty the most controversial and important one was that Germany accepts the full responsibility for the cause of World War 1. It levied heavy economical impositions ($31.4 billion) that took a number of years to pay up. Hence, this led Germany unsatisfied. Though financially weak it was not morally weakened. Therefore the treaty failed to subdue Germany in the right manner so that it later took a hostile step bringing much havoc in the world. 2 The Big Four Delegates from 32 different countries met at the Paris Peace Conference; however, four people took active participation in the drawing of treaties and were known as the Big Four. The members of the Big Four were David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of The United Kindom Georges Clemenceau - Prime Minister of France. Woodrow Wilson - President of the United States of America and Vittorio Orlando, Prime minister of Italy. The defeated countries suffered the conclusions of their talks. Wilson wo rked hard to have his Fourteen Points included in the league. He was specifically concerned about the League of Nations.

Regulatory & Economic Environment Assignment Essay

Regulatory & Economic Environment Assignment - Essay Example This is also the same for the company to do in an effort to eliminate the competition threat by creating a rather precise marketing plan. The best way to do this is by carrying out a SWOT analysis of the competitors alongside the PEST analysis for a target market. Focusing on the Strengths of the competitor, one recognizes that the company has an already established base in the Asian market and that the deals they are offered are rather superior and worthy seeing as they are already acquainted with the suppliers in the region. A weakness that one can identify in terms of the manner through which business is run is acknowledging the fact that the competitor’s brand has not fully settled in the retailers market. The main reason as to why Brought Kitchens identified the company was the high amounts of sales that it had started making and this was due to a shift in the customers who go for cheaper products. However, accommodating this is one of the most effective strategies to car ry out. Opportunity comes in from the fact that the suppliers, unlike customers do not have a specific product of preference or rather do not have favorite retailers. This gives the company an opportunity of identifying itself with the Asian market. The threats however are in terms of the licensing and revoking of their earlier deal with their former European counterparts in case of anything. Part b Going through the political stature of the Asian market and target markets is important in understanding whether the country is trustworthy for investment and reliance in terms of business. Economic state is also vital in that one gets to understand and have prospects of the prices of the commodities. On the other hand, social factors come into play when attempting to understand the nature of people in the area and their attitude towards foreigners. Technology is also important to comprehend whether the people in the area accept changes in terms of technology which basically happens in c lose intervals. Putting all these factors into consideration assures the company of prosperity in its ventures. Question 2 Part a Dj Sports as stated has had its name in the market for a very long time and the fact that its policy, â€Å"Our name sells itself† is a rather confident one that it shows that there is no need of carrying out advertisements and signing labels just to get their products to the market. However, seeing as there are other companies that have come up in the contemporary environment, a challenge has been posed and the company must act in an effort to keep its product running, a market assessment has to be carried out. Engaging in the SWOT analysis of the company comes in as a key strategy. The fact that the company has been in the market for long in itself is a very large strength seeing as they have earned the reputation and trust of the customers. A weakness however is the fact that the company has decided to lay back and not take on any key advertisem ents as opposed to competitors. Advertisements ensure that the product reaches a wide range of customers and if they do not see the DJ line in advertisements, it is hard for them to choose a product that they know little or nothing about. An opportunity presents itself from the fact that customers believe that the company

Strategic Analysis (Individual) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Analysis (Individual) - Essay Example n, it is important that the firm must be able to look into the commercial aspects of the technology and focus on what market requires and what it can deliver. Firm’s core competencies were based upon its ability to produce high quality technology however it clearly lacked the ability to transform its core competencies into the commercially viable products. It is important to understand that the organizations have made a transition towards focusing on the mass customization where firms focus on delivering highly customizable products through a mass market. The firm though has a large and diversified market to serve however due to sheer size of the applications and potential market niches; it may not be possible for the firm to focus on developing commercially feasible products and services. This paper will discuss the internal and external analysis of Soundfacts firm and will provide strategic analysis and alternatives for the management to reposition the company and become commercially more successfully and viable. Firm operates in Denmark which is one of the advance countries in the world with favorable political system. There is little or no interference from the bureaucracy and the overall political structure of the firm favors the free markets and private enterprises. The transfer of private property laws are in favor of the organization and as such firms can easily move their assets in and out of the country with low level of political interference. Apart from this, the overall tax environment is relatively favorable for the firms with government acting as a welfare state. The higher ratio of taxes imposed on the individuals is off-set by the State being a welfare State. Further, Denmark is also part of European Union thus it enjoys the relative political support at the regional level. (Dimireva, 2009) Denmark is one of the highest ranked economies in the world with good per capita income thus suggesting that the consumers have the required purchasing

What Was the Space Race What Did it Accomplish Essay

What Was the Space Race What Did it Accomplish - Essay Example It became a huge battle between the two blocks for space exploration supremacy. USSR, in her quest for supremacy built her first exploration machine, soon the US followed suit and were able to built one. In actually space race served to show supremacy in the field of science. These two blocks differed in ideologies and the reason why competition came to be. Both sides were able to acquire relevant knowledge in the field of science and this made a milestone in the same field. Basically space race was a product of two blocks whose political ideologies differed and supremacy in the field of space exploration was all the more important1. Space race became a new battle ground between the communist east and the capitalist west. This race therefore was so important for both sides. It showed which political ideology was better and definitely which one was going to win popularity. Many countries subscribed to communism while others stuck with capitalism. For the US, the pride of achieving a s uper power tag was looming and this was very important then and even in subsequent years. Technological skill was all the more important during this s time and a huge amount of money was spent in making such skills work. The US benefited from this race in many ways communication satellites were installed I the space and thus it became almost evident, everything was looking up communication wise2. The announcement of Neil Armstrong landing on space meant the US were being looked up to by many developing countries, this ensured supremacy just in case the world was in for another war. This supremacy, later played a big role in the formation of UN, where the US controlled major decisions for they were already being perceived as the super powers. Generally for the US Space race confirmed the end of communism an important fete in their history. American societies felt secured for capitalism appeared the right political ideology besides technological abilities being achieved to a greater e xtent3. The Russians on the other hand also got a lot of subscription from countries that thought communism was the best. Russians built their own space exploration machine named sputnik which made her get recognition from all over the world and instilled fear in her rivals most notably the US. This achievement gave the Russians a formidable image and eventually her reputation was held in high regard. Communication became easy and it led to knowledge acquisition in almost every aspect of life. Generally life became more easy and safe4. Nevertheless, the launch of satellite in 1957 by the Russians was a reflection of her technological abilities and a huge part of her history. It should also be noticed that the installation of a satellite in the space is an achievement whose effects are still felt up until now. What with satellite supported cameras and never ending technological innovation that touch on the satellite one way or another. So it is safe to say both this two blocks have b enefitted massively in the space race, from the technological advancements to political supremacy and good economic ties with her subscribing countries. With this entire race coming to effect, many accomplishments were made the US were able to seal her perceived victory. Capitalism was perceived as the best ideology and many countries established both political and economic ties with the US. In the field of science, the universe was explored and such discoveries as existence of the asteroids came to the fore. For Russians political ties were strengthened with those who stuck with communism5. Communication was made easier with the installation

Causation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Causation - Essay Example For instance, in Empire Jamaica (1955),2 the owners sent a vessel out to sea, and it crashed because the pilot fell asleep. The only negligence that the owners were guilty of were that the officers did not have their licenses. But this had nothing to do with the crash, so, even though there was a negligent act, it was not the cause of the damages. Similarly, in Christopher Andrews v. Barnett Waddingham LLP and RAJ Waddingham3 there was insufficient causation between the negligence of the financial advisors and the loss that was suffered by the claimant. Moreover, there is a general rule in English law that there are certain acts that would break the chain of causation. For instance, the acts of a third party are likely to break the chain of causation.4 This often when the defendant does not have control over the third party's actions, but, if the actions of the third party are foreseeable by the defendant in any way, the chain of causation is not broken.5 While these are torts cases, there are criminal cases as well, and these criminal cases define the boundaries and the contours of causation in the criminal courts. In criminal law, there must be an action (actus reus) combined with the state of mind (mens rea), and the actus reus plus the mens rea must have caused the actual crime.6 Moreover, there might be instances where there is a supervening or intervening cause that would break the chain of causation.7 There are exceptions to this, of course. For instance, there might be a case where somebody does great bodily damage to somebody else, but does not do enough damage to kill the person. But, the person might be a Jehovah's Witness and refuses a blood transfusion. If the transfusion was received, then that person would have lived. The defendant would still be guilty of manslaughter or murder, because of what is known as the ?hin skull rule- this means, generally, that you take the victim as you find him or her.8 At the same time, there are times when an omiss ion might give rise to criminal liability, such that a crime can be heightened if the person does nothing for somebody who was damaged by the criminal defendant.9 For instance, if somebody beats somebody up, and doesn't get medical attention for the person, and the person dies, then that person is guilty of murder or manslaughter.10 Likewise, there is also an issue regarding intervening causation.11 One of the leading cases for this is R v. Cheshire.12 In R v. Cheshire, the appellant attacked and shot a man in a fish and chip shop, and he underwent surgery. When he was in surgery there was a negligent act, in which the doctor could not diagnose the reason why the patient died. The doctor misdiagnosed the reason behind the patient's breathlessness and respiratory obstruction. However, it was found that the only way that the causation would be broken would be if the medical staff was reckless, not merely negligent. Therefore, the defendant in this case was found to be liable for the d eath, because he put the causation into motion with his battery in the first place.13 That said, there can also be a case where the negligence of a third party would break the chain of causation, such that the defendant who put the act into motion would not be negligent for the

The Lovely Bones Detailed Quote Synopsis Essay Example for Free

The Lovely Bones Detailed Quote Synopsis Essay My quote is â€Å"Had my brother really seen me somehow, or was he merely a little boy telling beautiful lies? † on page 95. Susie had said this while she was observing her brother from heaven. This quote has significance because I believe that Susie wants to be remembered, because as she said on page 91, â€Å"I had never even let myself yearn for Buckley, afraid he might see my image in a mirror or a bottle cap. Like everyone else I was trying to protect him†. Perhaps the reason Buckley was so casual with pointing out that he saw his sister was because he had already seen her before, he mentions he does on page 92 when he tells Nate, â€Å"Last night she came in and kissed me on my cheek†. I think the reason we don’t hear of Buckley seeing Susie earlier is because Susie does not focus her attention on Buckley in order to protect him, instead she is watching the rest of her family more closely. Buckley wouldn’t be telling his parents or sister this because the family believes that he is to young and cannot understand what has actually happened to his sister. Therefore, Susie would not have seen or heard any talks of it amongst the parents. Buckley had kept seeing his sister to himself. So he resorted to saying it to his friend Nate, who is of the same age and won’t hold it against him. I think that by her trying not to be seen and not paying much attention to Buckley it causes him to actually see her. I believe that this quote will continue to connect to the characters throughout the story based on the fact that she hides herself from Buckley because she wants to protect him, but she wants to show herself to her father, when he’s upset she wanted to be there and help him but she couldn’t. As Susie states on page 46, â€Å"It was then that, without knowing how, I revealed myself. In every piece of glass, in every shard and silver, I cast my face. † She didn’t mean for her dad to see her when he did. I think when she is not meaning to be seen, that is when someone really does see her. But when she really wants to be there and help out the people she loves, she won’t be seen. The quote of Susie revealing herself to her father also did state that she didn’t know how she revealed herself. If this is possible, she may have revealed herself to Buckley without her knowing it either. I believe that the quote , â€Å"had my brother really seen me somehow or was he merely a little boy telling beautiful lies? † will continue to connect to the story because Susie will continue to have herself revealed to the people on Earth without her knowing it, so long as she is still there watching everyone on it.

Story of Mary Magdalene

Story of Mary Magdalene A continued interest and associations with Mary Magdalene provided for further examination. The relevance of her time as a example of inspiration to all who still find their paths of sincerity and goodwill marked by scandal and controversy. The following personal journal entry may serve to clarify this interest. One of the most interesting and inspirational women of the bible, is Mary Magdalene. Her apparent dedication to Jesus despite ridicule, jealously and un-acceptance amongst his friends can be related to by many women throughout history. The importance of whether she was a prostitute, Jesus wife or both becomes less relevant than the conflicts she faced in her times and her steadfast dedication to Him, regardless of definition of relationship between and degree of intimacy expressed. Many women throughout history and today find themselves judged in societal situations in which they have to determine their dedication and faith within their relationship and would find Mary Magdalenes decisions and actions inspirational and reassuring to see that they are not alone in their situation. Mary Magdalenes influence and role in the bible seem to be one of the best influences in humanize Jesus. Showing us some the personal and emotional challenges that Jesus faced as a person and therefore having his life experience expressed in a way everyone, at some point in their lives can relate to. While the recount says that all of the disciples fled, out of fear, when Jesus was crucified, it is only Mary Magdalene that is recounted in all 4 versions of the Gospel to be near or by Jesus side during this horrific experience. Guess you know who your friends are when the chips are down. This brief recap of a previous journal entry was used to outline what is recognized as the most personally relevant stories of the bible and the observations regarding them. The following stories of Mary Magdalene from the bible are as powerful and relevant to the lives of many and in addition work to help me appreciate, understand and complete my initial observations. The following is taken from http://www.womeninthebible.net/2.2.Mary_Magdalene.htm Mary Magdalenes story is contained in four different events: Mary Magdalene as a disciple of Jesus (Luke 8:1-3) Mary is mentioned as the woman whom Jesus cured of an unspecified illness. She was expelled of seven different demons. The number seven may have been used to emphasize the severity of the illness. She led a group of women who provided for Jesus and his followers from their own financial resources. The following is quoted from http://www.biblebb.com/files/kss/kss-mmag.htm She was committed. MAR 8:34, 35 Then he called the crowd to him along with his disciples and said: If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for me and for the gospel will save it. she had followed Him from Galilee, her home (Mat 27:55; MAR 15:41; LUK 23:49). LUK 23:49 But all those who knew him, including the women who had followed him from Galilee, stood at a distance, watching these things. MAT 27:55, 56 Many women were there, watching from a distance. They had followed Jesus from Galilee. Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedees sons. she cared for Jesus needs (MAT 27:55; MAR 15:41). MAT 27:55 Many women were there, watching from a distance. They had followed Jesus from Galilee to care for his needs. Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedees sons. MAR 15:41 In Galilee these women had followed him and cared for his needs. Many other women who had come up with him to Jerusalem were also there. *she gave whatever she could to further Gods cause- This is a demonstration of Jesus acceptance of the independent woman. This was revolutionary in and of itself given the perceptions of woman of the times. Mary at the crucifixion (Mark 15:40-41, Luke 23:49, Matthew 27:55-56, John 19:25) In each of the four gospels of the crucifixion Mary was present, either standing at a distance with other women, or standing near the cross. Mary prepared Jesus body for burial (Luke 23:55-56, Matthew 27:61) Mary watched as Jesus body was sealed inside the tomb of Joseph of Arimathea. She could confirm that he was really dead. She and the other women prepared the spices needed for proper burial of a body. Jewish tombs: Jews followed the custom of burial in natural and artificial caves. Generally only the rich used tombs, with the poor using pits, cisterns, caves, and earthen graves outside their cities. Tombs were located in gardens attached to homes, within city walls, on elevated sites, on hillsides, and in caves (natural and hand hewn). this information is from The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, vol. 5, pg.772. Prophets and kings were buried within the city limits; everyone else was buried outside the city limits. Wealthy tombs were often cut into rock, some containing several chambers. The entrance was closed by rolling around rolling-stone down an inclined plane in front of the mouth of the sepulcher. this information is from Manners and Customs of Bible Lands, by Fred H. Wright, Moody Press, co. 1953, pgs. 144,145. 4 Mary witnesses the resurrection (Mark 16:1-11, Luke 24:1-11, Matthew 28:1-10, John 20:1-18). Mary found that Jesus body was no longer in the tomb. She received a message from an angel and was the first person to see the risen Jesus. She was thus the first witness of the resurrection. The ethical cultural and political environment surrounding the people of this time played a strong influence on the interpretation of Mary Magdalenes life. Even with the stark contrast of todays environment of Middle America the relevance of interpretation of the power and influence of this women offers as an example for todays woman. The people of Jesus time lived in a state occupied by Roman rule, law and allegiance to Cesar, King of the Roman Empire. The Jewish state in this region was allowed certain amount of religious tolerance provided that legal and economic sanctions were upheld by the Jews with regard to Roman rule. The following quote is taken from http://www.womeninthebible.net/2.2.Mary_Magdalene.htm Greek philosophy was greatly admired at the time of Jesus, and it had a profound impact on the way that people saw their world. One of the greatest philosophers, Plato, proposed the theory of dualism, suggesting that everything in the cosmos had an equal and opposite other. This theory had a profound impact on the way that women were viewed, and it was not to womens advantage. Woman was placed in a category containing elements that were viewed as negative: Civilization was the ideal; Nature was mistrusted and potentially dangerous. Logic and reason were admired, and emotion was to be subordinated. Goodness was always preferable to evil. Light, especially in the pre-industrial world, was preferred to darkness These are examples only, but they show that Platonic dualism placed women in a negative category. They were seen as closer to the natural/animal world than men. By nature they were irrational and untrustworthy, and therefore unfit to make their own decisions and govern their own lives. They had to be looked after and controlled, never treated as equals. This differed from the traditional Jewish way of looking at the world, which saw all things in creation as integrated and complementary, rather than as opposites of each other. An example of this is the creation story of Eve, which relates that the first woman was created from a rib taken by God from Adams side, thereby suggesting that a man could never be fully complete unless he was in partnership with a woman. Jewish and Jewish/Christian women resisted the ideas of Platonic dualism, which patronized them and diminished their status. While Christianity remained a Jewish sect, the status ofwomen within the Christian communities was high. But as the ideas of Christianity moved out into the Gentile, Hellenised world, the first Christians found they had to use the Greek philosophical framework to explain their beliefs and be accepted.So Jesus original ideal of mutual respect between the sexes was watered down and changed. Women found they were given roles that were acceptable in the outside, Hellenistic culture. In doing so, the Christian church stepped back from the radical ideals of the first Jewish/Christians. The following excerpt was taken from http://www.watton.org/wftk/teaching/mary_magdalene.htm Jesus sees women as they were created equal reflectors of Gods image. God created us in his image we mirror a family resemblance of Him. 2 Cor.3:18 And we, who with unveiled faces all reflect the Lords glory, are being transformed into his likeness with ever-increasing glory, which comes from the Lord, who is the Spirit. This doesnt mean our physical nature but our spiritual and moral nature. We are able to communicate. We are creative, and that gives us joy and satisfaction. We experience emotions and feelings. We know the difference between right and wrong. We are responsible for our actions. Even though the original relationship between God and man was cut by the fall, God has pursued his children through the ages, sending his son Jesus so that we might be reconciled to God and become his sons and daughters. His image is reflected in us. Because of Jesus the image is brought back into focus so that his glory shines from the reflection. Jesus is in each one of us, you and me, and His glory shines out. This examination of Mary Magdalenes life and times has offered clarity in relating to those hardships and challenges and has served as an inspiration to women of all times. WORK CITED Biblical References have been noted as used throughout this document. http://www.womeninthebible.net/2.2.Mary_Magdalene.htm http://www.biblebb.com/files/kss/kss-mmag.htm http://www.biblebb.com/files/kss/kss-mmag.htm Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, vol. 5, pg.772. Manners and Customs of Bible Lands, by Fred H. Wright, Moody Press, co. 1953, pgs. 144,145. http://www.womeninthebible.net/2.2.Mary_Magdalene.htm http://www.watton.org/wftk/teaching/mary_magdalene.htm

The Basic Dilemma Of The Artist :: essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites The psychophysical problem is long standing and, probably, intractable. We have a corporeal body. It is a physical entity, subject to all the laws of physics. Yet, we experience ourselves, our internal lives, external events in a manner which provokes us to postulate the existence of a corresponding, non-physical ontos, entity. This corresponding entity ostensibly incorporates a dimension of our being which, in principle, can never be tackled with the instruments and the formal logic of science. A compromise was proposed long ago : the soul is nothing but our self awareness or the way that we experience ourselves. But this is a flawed solution. It is flawed because it assumes that the human experience is uniform, unequivocal and identical. It might well be so - but there is no methodologically rigorous way of proving it. We have no way to objectively ascertain that all of us experience pain in the same manner or that pain that we experience is the same in all of us. This is even when the causes of the sensation are carefully controlled and monitored. A scientist might say that it is only a matter of time before we find the exact part of the brain which is responsible for the specific pain in our gedankenexperiment. Moreover, will add our gedankenscientist, in due course, science will even be able to demonstrate a monovalent relationship between a pattern of brain activity in situ and the aforementioned pain. In other words, the scientific claim is that the patterns of brain activity ARE the pain itself. Such an argument is, prima facie, inadmissible. The fact that two events coincide (even if they do so forever) does not make them identical. The serial occurrence of two events does not make one of them the cause and the other the effect, as is well known. Similarly, the contemporaneous occurrence of two events only means that they are correlated. A correlate is not an alter ego. It is not an aspect of the same event. The brain activity is what appears WHEN pain happens - it by no means follows that it IS the pain itself. A stronger argument would crystallize if it was convincingly and repeatedly demonstrated that playing back these patterns of brain activity induces the same pain. Even in such a case, we would be talking about cause and effect rather than identity of pain and its correlate in the brain.

King Sauls Development Essays -- Religion, God

In First Samuel chapter eight the Israelites request a king to reign over them. God appoints a man who’s name is Saul. He first appears as a typical young man who belongs to the small tribe of Benjamin. When he is appointed king he is somewhat intimidated by his new task. However, over time he experiences a series of events that make him a selfish, envious, and a power hungry ruler, and eventually insane. This development in his character starts from his son Jonathan’s disobedience to his orders, but its main source is his jealousy of David’s successfulness on the battlefield, and his failed attempts at killing David. The first time we meet Saul he is sent by his father to go look for their lost donkeys. After looking and not finding the donkeys, he wants to go home, because his father might be worried. â€Å"Let us turn back, or my father will stop worrying about the asses and begin to worry about us.† (1 Samuel 9:5) This is an ordinary reaction that an ordinary person would have to this situation. From Saul’s first utterance it is obvious that he is an average man who was worried about his father. Alter states that a biblical character’s first utterance is the defining moment of a character. However, from the moment of Saul’s first remark to the day of his death he changes drastically. Saul tells the Israelites that â€Å"Cursed be the man who eats any food before night falls and I take revenge on my enemies.† (1 Samuel 14: 24) However, Saul’s son Jonathan did not hear Saul’s declaration. When he spots honey spilt on the ground he tastes it and â€Å"his eyes lit up.† (1 Samuel 14:27) Although the other troops warned him that Saul had forbidden eating, Jonathan did not regret his decision in disobeying his father’s orders. â€Å"My fath... ...with him, and he knew that David was better fit for a king. Saul knew he could not stay king as long as David was around. Saul attempted to kill David many times. Each time he would fail. Every failure brought Saul closer to snapping. In chapters twenty-four and twenty-six David has two opportunities to kill Saul. Each time he spares Saul’s life, but he leaves a mark to let Saul know that he could have killed Saul. The first time David cuts part of Saul’s robe. The second time David takes Saul’s spear and his ______________________. David was playing with Saul’s mind. Saul was powerless in comparison to David. Saul had been determined to kill David, but each time he would fail. David gets two chances to kill Saul, and he spares Saul both times. Saul was no match for David and he knew it. Saul realizes he is unable to get rid of David, because God is with him. King Saul's Development Essays -- Religion, God In First Samuel chapter eight the Israelites request a king to reign over them. God appoints a man who’s name is Saul. He first appears as a typical young man who belongs to the small tribe of Benjamin. When he is appointed king he is somewhat intimidated by his new task. However, over time he experiences a series of events that make him a selfish, envious, and a power hungry ruler, and eventually insane. This development in his character starts from his son Jonathan’s disobedience to his orders, but its main source is his jealousy of David’s successfulness on the battlefield, and his failed attempts at killing David. The first time we meet Saul he is sent by his father to go look for their lost donkeys. After looking and not finding the donkeys, he wants to go home, because his father might be worried. â€Å"Let us turn back, or my father will stop worrying about the asses and begin to worry about us.† (1 Samuel 9:5) This is an ordinary reaction that an ordinary person would have to this situation. From Saul’s first utterance it is obvious that he is an average man who was worried about his father. Alter states that a biblical character’s first utterance is the defining moment of a character. However, from the moment of Saul’s first remark to the day of his death he changes drastically. Saul tells the Israelites that â€Å"Cursed be the man who eats any food before night falls and I take revenge on my enemies.† (1 Samuel 14: 24) However, Saul’s son Jonathan did not hear Saul’s declaration. When he spots honey spilt on the ground he tastes it and â€Å"his eyes lit up.† (1 Samuel 14:27) Although the other troops warned him that Saul had forbidden eating, Jonathan did not regret his decision in disobeying his father’s orders. â€Å"My fath... ...with him, and he knew that David was better fit for a king. Saul knew he could not stay king as long as David was around. Saul attempted to kill David many times. Each time he would fail. Every failure brought Saul closer to snapping. In chapters twenty-four and twenty-six David has two opportunities to kill Saul. Each time he spares Saul’s life, but he leaves a mark to let Saul know that he could have killed Saul. The first time David cuts part of Saul’s robe. The second time David takes Saul’s spear and his ______________________. David was playing with Saul’s mind. Saul was powerless in comparison to David. Saul had been determined to kill David, but each time he would fail. David gets two chances to kill Saul, and he spares Saul both times. Saul was no match for David and he knew it. Saul realizes he is unable to get rid of David, because God is with him.

Essay on Picture of Dorian Gray: A Jungian Analysis :: Picture Dorian Gray Essays

   The Picture of Dorian Gray begins with Basil describing his fascination with Dorian, and ends with his masterpiece reverting to its original splendour. He describes his reaction to Dorian in these words: "When our eyes met, I felt I was growing pale. A curious sensation of terror came over me. I knew that I had come face to face with some one whose mere personality was so fascinating that, if I allowed it to do so, it would absorb my whole nature, my whole soul, my very art itself." (6) Such a reaction is not a reaction to another human being. It signals an intimation of something super-human. The word "fascinating" comes from fascinum, which means "spell." A fascination is caused by unconscious factors. It grips us; it holds us in its power; it acts upon us. The expression "face to face" suggests an image of a "god" -- cf. Jacob's experience at Peniel (Gen. 32.30) or Moses in the Tabernacle (Ex. 33.11). Dorian as both Dionysos and Apollo corresponds to both Jung's definitions of the Self: "a god-image in the psyche," and a "complexio oppositorum" (Vol. 9.ii; par. 73; also CW 11.283). For Jung held that a god-image must be a mixture of opposites "if it is to represent any kind of totality" (CW 13.289). According to Jung, the Self is an autonomous archetypal image, which symbolizes something towards which the individual is striving. An experience of the Self thus represents an intimation of a meaning which the individual has not yet assimilated. The individual's task is to integrate the meaning implicit in his or her particular experience, but not to identify with it, for this would signal psychological inflation. Basil lives only for his art (56). He is afraid of life, because it is capable of exerting an influence over him which he feels as threatening. He is afraid of Dorian, because Dorian personifies the Dionysian side of his own personality which he has repressed. Thus he needs Dorian, because only through Dorian can he feel that he is alive. The contrast between them is suggestive. Basil is fascinated by what he himself is not. The attributes which he finds so fascinating stand in "compensatory" relation to him. But, instead of seeing his fascination as symbolic of a need to develop the Dionysian side of his own personality, he seeks to perpetuate his experience through art.

The hunger games book review

Catkins Overseen, along side fellow tribute PETA Mallard, is forced to fight for her life against stronger competitors from wealthier districts, some of whom have trained for this their whole lives. If Catkins Is going to win then Catkins will need to kill everyone In the games. The only question Is, are the odds ever In her favor? I personally admire the way that Catkins would willingly take her sister's place In the Ames, when there is a one in a million chance that she could win.The author has truly grasped the idea of what it's like to be in a situation like Catkins' – no father, a mother that's stuck in the past, and a 13-year-old sister that needs looking after. I was compelled after hearing about the games in the story. The whole prospect Just made me shatter with excitement. It's a very unusual and out-of-the ordinary plot for a book, but I think that its originality is what makes it Just that bit better than your tankard teen fiction.I think that the author's use of d escriptive techniques, Like personification, was extremely noticeable because of Its effectiveness on the story. Overall, I really enjoyed the book and highly recommend to those who love teen fiction or Just enjoy the adrenaline rush. Good Job Suzanne Collins, and I would definitely read it again. The hunger games book review By Halley Halley Karri AAA In The Future North America, known as ‘Panel', there is a rich and modern developed City named ‘The Capitol'. The hunger games book review Catkins Overseen, along side fellow tribute PETA Mallard, is forced to fight for her life against stronger competitors from wealthier districts, some of whom have trained for this their whole lives. If Catkins Is going to win then Catkins will need to kill everyone In the games. The only question Is, are the odds ever In her favor? I personally admire the way that Catkins would willingly take her sister's place In the Ames, when there is a one in a million chance that she could win.The author has truly grasped the idea of what it's like to be in a situation like Catkins' – no father, a mother that's stuck in the past, and a 13-year-old sister that needs looking after. I was compelled after hearing about the games in the story. The whole prospect Just made me shatter with excitement. It's a very unusual and out-of-the ordinary plot for a book, but I think that its originality is what makes it Just that bit better than your tankard teen fiction.I think that the author's use of d escriptive techniques, Like personification, was extremely noticeable because of Its effectiveness on the story. Overall, I really enjoyed the book and highly recommend to those who love teen fiction or Just enjoy the adrenaline rush. Good Job Suzanne Collins, and I would definitely read it again. The hunger games book review By Halley Halley Karri AAA In The Future North America, known as ‘Panel', there is a rich and modern developed City named ‘The Capitol'. The hunger games book review Catkins Overseen, along side fellow tribute PETA Mallard, is forced to fight for her life against stronger competitors from wealthier districts, some of whom have trained for this their whole lives. If Catkins Is going to win then Catkins will need to kill everyone In the games. The only question Is, are the odds ever In her favor? I personally admire the way that Catkins would willingly take her sister's place In the Ames, when there is a one in a million chance that she could win.The author has truly grasped the idea of what it's like to be in a situation like Catkins' – no father, a mother that's stuck in the past, and a 13-year-old sister that needs looking after. I was compelled after hearing about the games in the story. The whole prospect Just made me shatter with excitement. It's a very unusual and out-of-the ordinary plot for a book, but I think that its originality is what makes it Just that bit better than your tankard teen fiction.I think that the author's use of d escriptive techniques, Like personification, was extremely noticeable because of Its effectiveness on the story. Overall, I really enjoyed the book and highly recommend to those who love teen fiction or Just enjoy the adrenaline rush. Good Job Suzanne Collins, and I would definitely read it again. The hunger games book review By Halley Halley Karri AAA In The Future North America, known as ‘Panel', there is a rich and modern developed City named ‘The Capitol'.

Honesty: Lie and Friendship Relationship

In a friendship relationship honesty is the most important trait one should have. Although many traits such as respectfulness, trustworthiness and caring are also important to have one believes that honesty is the number one trait. Honesty means telling the truth, having good intentions and being sincere. To establish a friendship relationship one should be able to believe in each other. An example of this is believing in each other is when a friend borrows money and they say they will return it the next day. They are giving their word. If they just keep the money and never return it to back then they are considered to be a dishonest person and the friendship can fall apart. Instead they should be honest and tell the truth of why they couldn’t return the money and maybe the friendship could be restored. Having good intentions speaks about having good character. When one has good intentions then one can be believed in. For instance if a friend tells another friend that a particular person has a crush on them, this action may cause resentfulness because they may have a crush on another person. Even though the intentions were good intentions the actions could become disastrous because the relationship will be broken. Another form of honesty is if one goes into class and a cell phone is left behind on a chair; what would one do: A: keep it or B: tell the teacher? On one occasion this was, while entering the classroom one found a cell phone and one gave it to the teacher. By making the right choice one’s peers were able to identify one’s honesty. Setting a good example is the best thing to do. Not everyone is as honest, on one occasion one’s phone was stolen from one’s backpack, one was very unhappy. Due to not having enough money to purchase another cell phone one has had to adjust to life without a cell phone. There are many dishonest people everywhere. One’s belief is that if the item doesn’t belong to one then one must return the item. Being sincere with each other is building a positive relationship. No matter how difficult it is to tell the truth one is better off being sincere than to lie about it. The friendship may be hindered if the truth is not said as it occurs and the friendship may be lost. When one lies about things then one continues to lie very easily to others in fact one can actually think that one is telling the truth. One guesses one can become a compulsive liar. By always practicing telling the truth one will not have those types of problems. In conclusion, the reader may not agree to above essay, yet one believes that honesty is what keeps a friendship relationship in good standards. Being sincere is to tell each other the truth no matter how difficult it may be. By being careful with one’s intentions can prevent hindering the friendship by ensuring one’s actions are the right ones.

Jaguar Land Rover Essay

Jaguar and Land Rover are two of the world’s most iconic luxury brands. Every day they’re reaching more customers, and their network of well over 2,000 dealerships continues to expand around the world. As their global marketplace extends further, they need to provide more customers than ever before with an unrivalled experience. Their fast paced environment is one where you can swim free in a pool full of sharks. You’ll be instrumental in protecting their heritage and unique brand values, but also making sure that their brands continue to grow, develop and seize attention worldwide. The Jaguar Cars and Land Rover businesses were first united under a single entity by Ford Motor Company in 2002. In 2006 Ford purchased the Rover brand name and logos from BMW for around  £6 million. This reunited the Rover and Land Rover brands for the first time since the Rover group was broken up by BMW in 2000 Their advertisement skills are very top notch. They show their vehicle in a tough environment to show the pure strength of the vehicle and show that it is capable of any task. They make the Jaguar Land Rover seem fast and dynamic with certain shots to persuade the viewer to buy such a beautiful vehicle. Jaguar Land rover is owned by Dr Ralf Speth. He is the chief director of the company. Sales – In the year ended 31 March 2011, Jaguar Land Rover sold a total of 240,905 units, of which 189,087 were Land Rovers and 51,818 were Jaguars. In that period 24.1% of sales were in the United Kingdom, 22% in Europe (excluding the United Kingdom and Russia), 20.9% in North America, 12% in China, 4.9% in Russia and 15.9% in the rest of the world. In the year ended 31 March 2012, Jaguar Land Rover sold a total of 305,859 units, of which 251,632 were Land Rovers and 54,227 were Jaguar In that period 22% of sales were in Europe (excluding the United Kingdom and Russia), 19.6% in the United Kingdom, 19.0% in North America, 16.7% in China, 4.2% in Asia Pacific (excluding China) and 19.0% in the rest of the  world

Female Education and Economic Growth

Female Education and Economic Growth Case Study Of India Economic growth in India India is classified as a lower middle income country, and since 2011 is no longer regarded as a developing country (World Bank Database, 2012) due to recent high economic growth (Kohli, 2006). In 2010, the country had a real GDP growth of 8. 8 percent and a nominal GDP per capita of 1410. 3 dollars (World Bank Database, 2012). According to AT Kearney, an International consulting group (Rao & Varghese, 2009), India is ranked as one of the best countries to start a new business in.The foreign investment rate, might be a proof of that. The ministry of finance in India believes it will reach almost 40 percent of the GDP by 2013. Not only the foreign investments have increased but the domestic savings and investments has also gone up and were about 30 percent of the GDP in 2009 (Rao & Varghese, 2009). The ratio of poor people6 has decreased from 45. 3 percent to 29. 8 percent between year 2000 and 2010 (Worl d Bank Database, 2012). Even if poverty has decreased one third of the population is still thought to be poor (World Bank Database, 2012).Poverty negatively affects the opportunity for many to be able to enroll in school negatively. The state has a major role to mass educate the population and increase human capital (Duraisamy, 2001). One of the most important ways to do that is to reduce the fertility rate. It is one of the major components to long-term economic growth in India (Dreze & Murthi, 2001; Tilak, 2006; World Bank, 1997; Yadava & Chadney, 1994). A lower fertility rate means a higher GDP per capita (Weil, 2009), and more money to invest in the country and its inhabitants (World Bank, 1997). Education in India The 1. billion people (World Bank Database, 2012) of India's 28 states, together with its seven union territories, do not speak the same language, do not share the same culture and do not have the same religious beliefs. Educational system differs in the respective st ates due to the fact that it is partly regulated by the state and partly by the local government (Kajisa ; Palanichamy, 2009; World Bank, 1997; World Bank, 2004). In 1999 India spent 4. 5 percent of its total GDP on education, but spending on education has declined since then. In 2006, spending dropped to 3. 1 percent (World Bank Database, 2012).Article 45 in the Indian Constitution states: â€Å"†¦ for free and compulsory education for all children until they reach the age of 14† (in Andreosso-O'Callaghan, 2003). 7 As can be seen in article 45, ambitions have been high since 1960s. In year 2000 approximately 18. 5 million children were out of school. In 2007 the number was 4. 9 million. Primary completion rate also increased and in 2008 it was around 95 percent, for both males and females8 (World Bank, 2012). The quality of governmental schools has been questioned in India (Duraisamy, 2001). Even if the completion rate in primary schooling is high, literacy rate is not reflecting that.Between year 2000 and 2006 there has been little change in the literacy rates, which was just under 50 percent for females and approximately 75 percent for males (2006) (World Bank, 2012). Some argue that good quality schooling is only available for the rich and higher middle class in private schools, especially for boys (Andreosso-O'Callaghan, 2003). According to Easterly (Andreosso-O'Callaghan, 2003) elite education does not lead to economic growth. If ability is seen as innate, it means that the majority of the people who are not included in the elite will not be able to use their full potential.This is a great social loss, and might slow down India's future long-term economic growth (Esteve- Volart, 2004; Klasen, 2002; Rao ; Varghese, 2009). For example, in China, mass education has been the key to a fast growing economy (Andreosso-O'Callaghan, 2003). Chatterji (2008) claims that primary education has the highest correlation with economic growth in India, seconda ry education have some effect and tertiary education being insignificant to economic growth. The reason Chatterji (2008) came to that conclusion might be the debated â€Å"surplus of education† in the media.India supplied domestic labor market with 22 million graduates (2009) and faced high youth unemployment rates (Rao & Varghese, 2009). However, Tilak (2007) disagrees. According to him higher education has a significant effect on economic growth, but it is not as strong as the effects of primary and secondary education on economic growth in India. Female education in India As mentioned above approximately 18. 5 million were out of school in the year of 2000, almost 75 percent of these children were girls9. Out of 5 million children out of school in 2007, 3. 5 million were girls.The data indicates that ratio is still approximately the same. In year 2007 the expected years of education for women and men respectively was 10. 9 for males and 9. 8 for females. However, this was not reflected on the average years of schooling in 2010. The mean years of schooling for girls over the age of 15 were approximately 4. 5 years and about 7 years for boys (World Bank, 2012). 10 Figure 1: Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance (World Bank Database, 2012). As can be seen in figure 1, gross female school enrollment11 rate has increased for all levels in India between 1990 and 2010.The highest increase has been in primary education after the millenium and forward. The high percentage rate of female enrollment rate in primary schooling might be an indication that women in all ages are enrolling in school, independent from appropriate primary schooling age in the country. This might be due to an increase in informal schooling, which will be reviewed later in the paper. Secondary schooling is spiriling up as well, which might be due to an increase of the middle class in India. However, tertiary education does not have as high increa se in enrollment as primary and secondary schooling.This might as well be due to an increase of the middle class. Females staying at home is a sign of financial stability (Duraisamy, 2001), therefore the incentives to enroll in tertiary education might decrease. Figure 2: When figure 1, is compared to figure 2, which shows the trends for male schooling in India between 1990-2010, it is possible to see that the gap between male and female enrollment is closing. In the beginning of 1990 almost 110 percent of males were enrolled in primary schooling, whilst only 80 percent of females were enrolled in the same level.In 2010 the enrollment for males and females is almost the same. This might be because of subsidies for girls, but also that informal schooling which first of all targets females and the poor has showed results. The enrollment for male secondary schooling has slightly increased during the last two decades, while the female secondary enrollment significantly has increased. Th is might be due to the facts mentioned for primary schooling, as well as completion of primary schooling and therefore the ability to move on to the next level of schooling.The increase of the middle class might also be a reason for this. Tertiary schooling is moving in the same pace more or less both for males and females, slightly more males than females join higher education. Which might be an indicator that the most bright ones, or with the most money have the ability to join, independent of gender. It is also important to mention the states hard work since the 1960's to make its inhabitants see the positive sides with education, working hard for families to see the benefits of schooling for girls.A woman's socioeconomic background might affect the level of completion rate. If a family is poor, one rather invests in sons than daughters (Chaudhri & Jha, 2011; World Bank, 1997). Women from the middle class in the majority of cases finish at least primary education, irrespectively if they live in rural or urban area. Women from the upper class in the urban areas, usually have at least secondary education, and more often can chose if they want to become a part of the labor force or not. There are few or no social barriers prohibiting them from joining the labor market (World Bank, 1997).Duraisamy (2001) came to the conclusion that female education has a positive rate of return for all levels of education in India. World Bank (1997) came to the same conclusion, but only when participation in the labor market was not accounted. One reason for this might be that majority of women do not work after finishing school but become stay at home mothers. Therefore education for women might not give the same economic return on the investment compared to men who join the labor force and therefore contribute to increased income per capita.This finding might be questioned due to exclusions of positive externalities mentioned earlier in the paper. Before continuing on and rev iewing the impacts of female education on economic growth through a decline in fertility rate and increase in human capital, it is important to clarify the diversity in India. In the 1990s some states had almost universal education, such as the southern state of Kerala. In Kerala, both men and women can choose whether to join the labor force or not. In other parts of the country, such as states of Bihar and Rajasthan, overall female enrollment was about 50 percent.In Punjab on the other hand, an agricultural state in the north, overall female enrollment was almost 80 percent, but labor participation for women was extremely low (World Bank, 1997; World Bank, 2004). Female education's effect on fertility rate in India Dreze and Murthi (2001) argue that female education together with low mortality rate and low son- preference are the only significant factors reducing fertility rate in India. They add that modernization and urbanization, poverty reduction and male literacy have no signi ficant association with reduced fertility rate.On a national level, a drop in fertility rate reduces population growth and therefore increases income per capita. A lower mortality rate is indirectly affected by female education. According to the World Bank (1997; 2004) literate women have more knowledge about how to feed their children; they grasp the importance of hygiene and clean water, and know more about a child's basic health. This decreases child mortality, and therefore women does not have to plan for as many children (Dreze and Murthi, 2001; Yadava & Chadney, 1994). Figure 3:Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance (World Bank Database, 2012). Figure 4: Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance (World Bank Database, 2012). In figure three and four one can view that fertility rate and mortality rate have decreased significantly in the last 20 years. Majority of the scholars such as Klasen (2002) cla im that only secondary female education has a direct effect on reducing fertility rate while primary education has an indirect effect in reducing fertility rate through reducing mortality rate for children under the age of five.Comparing figures one, two and three one can comprehend that it might be true. Mortality rate has had a higher percentage decrease than fertility rate and primary female enrollment is higher than secondary. There is a strong son-preference in India. Parents might continue to have children until they get a son. A weaker son-preference could decrease the fertility rate by eight percent (Dreze and Murthi, 2001; Chaudhri & Jha, 2011; Esteve-Volart, 2004; Mutharayappa, Choe, Arnold & Roy, 1997; Yadava & Chadney, 1994).Some argue that modernization did not show to have any direct effect on fertility rate in India but might lower son-preference indirectly through female education. However, this might not only be true for female education solely, but for education in general as well (Dreze & Murthi, 2001; Yadava & Chadney, 1994). 13 In India, female secondary education has a stronger direct effect in reducing fertility rate, than primary education. An educated woman might not desire as many children as an uneducated one. They also have a higher probability to give birth to as many children as desired.Thus, the actual family size has a higher chance to be close to the desired. This indicates to an increased knowledge of contraception use and that educated women marry later than uneducated ones. The income and substitution effect both occur in India, as explained above (Dreze & Murthi, 2004). In 1994 in Gujarat, women with no education had 3. 6 children, mothers with primary education had 3. 3 children, and women who had completed secondary school had 2. 4 children. In Rajasthan the fertility rate in 1991 was 6, and in Kerala the fertility rate the same year was 2. 6.The rate of female enrollment in these states was very different, from almost un iversal in Kerala to less than 50 percent in Rajasthan (Mutharayappa, Choe, Arnold & Roy, 1997; World Bank 1997; 2004). 14 It is commonly believed that poverty has a significant positive effect on fertility rate. As mentioned earlier, Dreze and Murthi (2001) have not found any association between poverty and fertility rate in India. Studies have shown that parents do not view children as financial assets. Instead they are seen as a financial burden in short-term, with a possibility that sons will take care of them in old age.This perception in India seems to be independent of income. Female education's effect on human capital in India After China, India has the second largest labor force in the world, of approximately 500 million people (Rao ; Varghese, 2009; Sahoo ; Kumar Dash, 2009). This is a possible foundation for high productivity and therefore economic growth. However, if the population is unhealthy, illiterate and uneducated then the large population might not translate into a high human capital. In India, where majority of the mothers stay at home, they are the ones taking care of children's health needs (Esteve-Volart, 2004).There has been shown, not only in India, but in the whole world, that mothers who are literate have more nurtured and healthier children, than their illiterate counterpart (Tembon & Fort, 2008). Therefore female education has shown to be both directly (through women joining the labor force) and indirectly related to a higher human capital, hence higher economic growth. Good health and nutrition received in early age is an important condition for good health as an adult. For example, in India, vaccination against polio and malaria increases when a mother is educated to some extent (World Bank 1997).However the causality between female education and better health and attainment in school can be questioned. The poorest women have the least access to education in India, and therefore do not have access to financial assets as educated women might have. Healthy children facilitate mother's ability to go back to paid or un-paid work much faster than women who have unhealthy children (World Bank, 1997; 2004). This means that the opportunity cost of female education for girls decrease, if mothers and siblings are healthier. This might increase female enrollment, and decrease drop-out rate among girls.Therefore, an increase in knowledge of basic health due to female education increases human capital in more than one way (Esteve-Volart, 2004; Rao ; Varghese, 2009). In the majority of cases, fathers join the labor market while mothers stay at home, especially in rural areas. In India there is a positive relation between educated mothers and their children's achievements in school. Studies have shown that a mother's education increases not only the health and therefore concentration level of a child in school, but also the motivation and grades.Once again we can see that educated mothers have positive effects on their d aughters. Educated mothers, especially in urban areas, encourage their daughters more often to strive for a higher education, than uneducated ones (World Bank, 2004). Policies that promote female education in India The Indian government has been working hard since the late 1960s to be able to give universal education to its population (Duraisamy, 2001; Tilak, 2006). It is not the easiest task in India where the population grew from approximately 890 million in 1991 to over 1. billion in 2010. The hardest ones to reach are the Dalit15 girls. Indian government has tried to increase the demand for education for them through subventioning the direct costs of their education, for example text books and uniforms (Ferry, 2008;Munshi ; Rosenzweig, 2006). 16 A project that started in the 1980s in India was informal schooling. The purpose was and is mass education for those who had the least possibilities to enter formal schooling and provide basic knowledge in subjects that students can use in their everyday life.These schools reduce opportunity cost of female education through having schools closer to communities in rural areas and during the day when girls do not have to be involved in household work. There are many positive effects of informal schooling, which are similar to those of primary education. However, the national institute of educational planning and administration reported that the informal education had several weaknesses, especially in the poorest areas in the country like Bihar.It was said to be underfunded, curriculum was thought by unmotivated teachers and few children continued with formal education (World Bank, 1997). Studies made in urban Mumbai shows that some girls from former casteless groups, the Dalits, have been the biggest winners. These women used free education offered to them and became active members of the labor market and have taken themselves out of the poverty trap. In contrast to women from the middle class who might not have been able to do so because of the social norms (Ferry, 2008).In summation, the key factor for long-term economic growth in India is a decrease in fertility rate. The proof that female education affects economic growth through fertility rate reflects findings of Dreze and Murthi (2001) who argue that the only factors which decrease fertility rate in India are female education, low mortality rate and low son-preference. It is also proven that female education has both direct and indirect effect on human capital which creates effect on economic growth as well. Obstacles for female education in India are mainly related to social and cultural norms, as well as a high population.

The Effect of the Unemployment Rate on Rape Essay

The Effect of the Unemployment Rate on Rape - Essay Example Table 1: Raw employment and rape data from each of the 50 states for the year of 2010. Unemployment Rape 9.5 28.2 8 75 10 33.9 7.9 45 12.4 22.4 8.9 43.7 9.1 16.3 8.5 34.7 9.6 31.1 11.5 28.6 10.2 21.6 6.6 26.8 9.3 33.5 10.3 23.6 10.2 27.2 6.1 27.4 7 38.8 7.5 31.8 7.9 27.2 7.5 29.3 8.5 21.3 12.5 26.7 7.3 47.3 10.4 33.9 9.6 31.2 7.2 23.9 4.7 32.4 14.9 36.8 6.1 35.7 9.5 31.3 8.4 11.2 8.6 46.5 10.6 14.3 3.9 21.1 7 35.2 10.1 32.1 7.1 38.7 10.8 31.7 8.7 26.9 11.6 28.1 11.2 31.7 4.8 47.9 9.7 33.7 8.2 33.3 7.7 34.3 6.2 21.1 9.6 31.1 9.1 38.1 9.1 19.1 8.3 20.9 7 29.1 The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation was used to test for a significant correlation between the two variables (Table 2). A two tailed test was used. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was -0.137 which indicates that there is a weakly negative relationship. For this study, an ? value of less than 0.05 was taken to mean the result was significant (at ?=0.05, the result has a 5% likelihood of being incorrect) (Lehman, 2005). T he p value for the correlation was 0.336, indicating that there was no statistically significant relationship between the two variables. Table 2: Output of Pearson Product-Moment Correlation test for the raw data given in Table 1. Unemployment Rape Unemployment Pearson Correlation 1 -0.137 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.336 N 51 51 Rape Pearson Correlation -0.137 1 Sig. ... nsequence of these results, the null hypothesis, that there is no statistically significant relationship between the rates of rape and unemployment, is not rejected. These results mean that as the unemployment rate increased, the number of rapes per 100,000 people decreased. However, this trend was slight, and not significantly significant. Consequently, the most reliable and accurate conclusion from the data would be that the unemployment rate had no significant effect on the number of rapes. Policy and Research Effects The results of this study, as well as its policy implications, indicate little to no effect of unemployment rate on rape. Furthermore, the small effect that was observed was in the opposite effect than was predicted. It suggests that rape and unemployment are distinct factors that do not influence one another. As a consequence, and if the results of more rigorous studies support this finding, policy should not look at trying to decrease the amount of rape by decreasi ng unemployment, but rather work at developing solutions to both problems independently. The effect of unemployment on rape have been the focus of many studies, however the results from the current paper indicate that there may not be an effect. I would recommend that studies examine this trend over a longer period of time, as only one year was considered for this paper. In addition, it would be worth widening the focus to include other factors that may correlate with levels of rape, such as the prevalence of internet pornography, which has been suggested to decrease rape due to providing release for potential offenders. Other factors that have also been suggested to affect the amount of rape occurring include: the level of crime overall, availability of alcohol and drugs, poverty and

Behavioral finance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Behavioral finance - Coursework Example To establish the influence of cognitive, affective and social aspects on investment decision making, and the role of psychological and social factors in financial market behaviour, this essay discusses what might cause perceptions of risk to be inaccurate,. Risk is an amalgamation of the probability or frequency of occurrence of a distinct hazard and the magnitude of the consequences of the occurrence (Botterill & Mazur, 2004, p.1). It defines how often a particular harmful event is expected to occur and consequences that such an occurrence is expected to cause. In terms of investments, risk may be defined on the basis of the amount of loss expected to be incurred when an adverse occurrence happens or is expected to happen frequently. Therefore, perceptions of risk are constructed on the basis of individual beliefs, societal perceptions and expert perceptions. Most people perceive risk as a possibility of bad outcome, whenever a choice is made. Therefore, in many instances, risk taking is not regarded as a potentially positive activity. However, there are instances, though few, where risk taking is perceived as a positive activity, with the potential of creating benefits to an investor. There are significant gaps between perceived risk and measurable probabilities of risk. The evident widely acknowledged differences between perceived risk and actual risk suggests that in most cases; perceptions of risk are inaccurate. This is evident when significant differences are recorded in terms of what is perceived and what actually happens in terms of real investment risks (Botterill & Mazur, 2004, p.3). Therefore, various people understand and respond to risk in various ways, based on psychological and social factors surrounding them. One of the factors that influence perception of risk, and most probably leads to an inaccurate perception of risk is the

Support the argument that warfare in the Napoleonic era is Essay

Support the argument that warfare in the Napoleonic era is fundamentally similar to warfare as it practicted today - Essay Example Today, we look back to the Napoleonic era and we find a direct link in the military reforms and tactics that were used during the 1792-1815 French revolution having a direct impact on our very own military structures and organizations (Brian 46). France revolution was the of a monarch regime breaking loose and transforming into a nation founded on equality for all. This evidently was not an easy process as it meant doing away with monarchial rule, the nobles and breaking free from the church. It also meant that people would seize from being referred to as subjects, and embrace citizens as a title (Stewart 29). This was a task that had the rest of Europe at odds with France. Late 1791, the French King sought the help of other Europe rulers to aid in his reinstatement. This officially resulted in the emergence of the French revolution in April 1792; with the French new nation aiming at bring change through battle throughout Europe. Their first victory was marked in Belgium at the end o f 1792 (Paul 25). The French armies were now composed of talented men from all parts and class of France as with a nation structure, citizens were all equals unlike subjects who were greatly divided by the class system. This was one of the strengths of the French military as with such a tactic, it had more soldiers at its disposal than others (Brian 45). Moreover with a common goal, and the zeal to overcome whatever form of obstacles, the French military had a bond that was previously scarcely heard of in Europe, the ‘trust’ bond. Soldiers from France were able to with ease exploit tactical maneuvers hence breaking logistical constrains a factor that proved to be advantageous in battle and a contributor to their numerous successes in the fields (Stewart 29). War had been declared and the first coalition was formed by seven nations namely: United Provinces, Great Britain, Spain, Austria, and Prussia. This was at the beginning of 1793, marking the beginning of the 23years of struggle by France against these Nations. This is what created the need of an exceptional military leader who could face up to this challenge (Paul 25).The leadership of the French army was dynamic and strategic, especially since March 1796 when the great Napoleon Bonaparte took over the position of general. Napoleon was a brilliant soldier, a genius of sorts. He was a leader who could gather troops of up to 300,000 or more troops and maneuver them to success against their enemies as was the case in 1812 in Russia. The treaty of Campo Formio is an evidence of the organized and brilliance of Napoleon as a French army leader as it resulted from the defeat of Sardinian and Austrian forces back in Italy that led to French domination of the Belgium and Luxembourg then known as Austrian Netherlands. These two regions were the first additions of the now growing French Republic (Stewart 30). The French made organizational changes to their army that increased there lethality and sparked military reform in other states. Under the governance of Napoleon, greatness was curved for France and other states. Napoleon went by

Family Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Family Law - Case Study Example (Morley 2005 International Law) At this point I would explain to Dorothy that in order to proceed she would be required to show that the marriage is unsalvageable and the both her and George agree that the marriage should be dissolved. This is not to say that if George does not want a divorce, Dorothy will not be able to file for one. What it means is that George could contest it and if that situation arises she will need support to present to the court to prove that there are grounds and conditions for the divorce. I would also advise Dorothy to talk with George and pursue coming to an agreement prior to filing for the divorce. This is because if the divorce is somewhat amicable and the property and assets have been discussed and there will not be a fight over the divorce will go more smoothly both in court and for them personally. The following law pertains to the circumstances being somewhat amicable: 1.7.1 The decree nisi is the court's decision to grant a divorce provided that nothing comes to light which may alter the Judgement. The certificate given as a result of this decision shows the period of time that is to be allowed for this purpose. If nothing comes to light, the decree absolute is issued at the end of the waiting period. The decree nisi is therefore a temporary document only and the decree absolute must always be seen. (Morley 2005 International Law) I would advise Dorothy that due to the length of her marriage the assets of both her and George would in most circumstances be split down the middle. However if they come to an agreement regarding particular property or assets I would strongly advise Dorothy to talk it out with George and when they reach an agreement on how the property and assets should be divided to contact me, her divorce attorney, so that I can prepare the proper legal document indicating the property and asset agreement. I would also advise Dorothy to include anything personal or sentimental even though she may not think it of value. In order to ensure receipt of items of sentimental or other value she must notify me so that I could include it in the formal legal documents. At this time I would also advise Dorothy that it would not be wise for her to assume any agreements made between George and herself would necessarily be kept and that any agreements made, of any kind for property, assets, sentimental items o r anything else needs to be put into the divorce paperwork. After discussing all of this information with Dorothy I would then go over divorce conditions in detail and strongly advise her that the fact that she wants to make a fresh life for herself while she is still young enough to enjoy it is not a good condition. Divorce conditions include: In England & Wales obtaining a divorce requires a written application (called a petition) to the court by either the husband or the wife. Applications for divorce are dealt with by the County Court and spouses have to apply to that court for their divorce. The applicant has to prove that the marriage has broken down irretrievably and has to provide evidence of one of the five facts listed below: No application for divorce can be made until at least one year after the date of the marriage.

The role of the United States Fire Administration (USFA) in promoting Essay

The role of the United States Fire Administration (USFA) in promoting electrical safety in the home, or at the workplace - Essay Example The USFA has been playing a vital role in promoting the electrical safety in homes and workplaces by conducting researches, spreading awareness about the causes of electrical fire and the safety precautions. According to the research data collected by USFA, the electrical home problems alone account for 67800 fires each year claiming 485 deaths and $868 millions in property loss.2 Providing the basic software to enable the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) to be executed at the state levels has been a major contribution of the USFA. 3The NFIRS is a three tiered information system working at three levels – local fire departments, state fire agencies and the federal government and aims at promoting the fire incident reporting and tracking fire fighter fatalities. The software provided by the USFA empowered the state level execution of the NFIRS which is faster, cost- effective and more accurate in detecting the cause of fire, which is primarily due to electrical malfunctioning. The organization funds the National Fire Information Council (NFIC) through a series of cooperative agreements to promote fire incident reporting. The United States Fire Administration along with National Fire Academy also sponsors NFIRS program management course. Using a hierarchical sorting based on Ignition factor, the USFA smartly investigates the cause of fire a nd states the electrical distribution and appliance misuse as the major causes of electrical fire. The curtailed number of electrical fire accidents in the recent times can be accredited to USFA for the widespread use and awareness of the NFPA 70, National Electric Code. The USFA has been a pioneer agency involved in encouraging people to safeguard against the electrical fire by maintaining and sharing data as well as setting standards for the appropriate electrical wiring and appliance specification systems. The organization has been proactively involved, in not just